Wednesday, February 8, 2012

ElectroniCast - LED Driver IC Market Forecast (February 2012)

High Brightness LED Driver Integrated Circuits

Global Market Forecast and Analysis (2011-2018)

Publish Date:             February 6, 2012
Text Pages:               872
Also Included:            Excel Worksheets/Data Tables and PowerPoint Slides
Fee:                            $4,200


Market Overview by, Stephen Montgomery, ElectroniCast 
 
This is the ElectroniCast review and forecast of global market consumption of Driver Integrated Circuits (ICs) used for High-Brightness Light Emitting Diode (HB-LED) illumination.   Values include LED Driver IC (packaged chip only); therefore, the Printed Circuit Board (PCB), circuit board enclosure and miscellaneous discrete components or functions are not included.
  
The light emitting diode (LED) market, despite exciting innovative devices driven by technological advances and ecological/energy-saving concerns, still face challenges in overcoming performance/price limitations and in attracting widespread consumption.  The use of HB-LED Driver ICs in general lighting, as well as several other applications discussed in this report service, is increasing. For example, in the general lighting application, the increase in consumption is initially driven from government-based retrofitting projects – then to commercial/business – and eventually to the consumer-level.

High Brightness (HB) LEDs face the challenge of creating definitive positions in the illumination market, as competing lighting solutions are readily available and accepted.  While this does not limit the potential success of HB-LEDs, it does create some challenges.  High Brightness (HB) LEDs, defined by ElectroniCast for the purpose of this study as component-level bulbs (packaged LEDs) with a lumens/Watt rating of 30 lm/W and above. 

The market review and forecast (2011-2018) data for HB-LED Driver ICs are segmented by the following functions:

·        Consumption Value (US$, million)
·        Quantity (number/units)
·        Average Selling Prices (ASP $, each)

            The consumption value is determined by multiplying the number of HB-LED driver integrated circuits by the average selling price.  The average selling prices are based on the price of the HB-LED driver integrated circuit at the initial factory level. The value is then based on the end-use application and the end-use region.  LED driver ICs range from simple and lower cost linear regulators to advanced complex switching regulators configured in buck, boost, buck-boost, and SEPIC topologies.  The consumption values are based on the end-user application and the end-user region.

The market data are segmented into the following geographic regions, plus a Global summary:

  • America (North America, Central and South America)
  • EMEA (Europe, Middle Eastern countries, plus Africa)
  • APAC (Asia Pacific)


The global HB-LED Driver IC market is segmented into the following application categories and sub-applications:

·        Vehicle
o       Interior
o       Exterior
o       Display/Backlight
·        Solid-State Lighting: General Lighting
o       Exterior
§         Street Lighting
§         Other Exterior
o       Interior
·        TV/Desktop/Monitor: Backlight                              
·        Portable/Small/Notebook/Other Devices: Light/Backlight                                  
·        Signage and Professional Display                        
·        Stationary Signals                            
·        Test/Medical/Science/Specialty Applications                              

Product Level Quantified in this ElectroniCast Study           

Listed below are four levels (or “food chain”) of HB-LED Driver Integrated Circuits.  For the purposes of this study, we quantify and provide market forecasts for “Level 3”

Level 1 – The wafer
Level 2 – The bare die
Level 3 – The packaged LED Driver IC (chip) 
Level 4 – LED Driver IC mounted on PCB with external/discrete components



The assumed prices are the estimated or forecast average prices paid during the indicated calendar year.  These are the original manufacturer’s (“factory”) prices invoiced to the first (original) customer (distributor, wholesale, retail, end-user, etc), or transfer prices for internal (captive) production. 

Market Opportunity Analysis – Market Dynamics   The study process by ElectroniCast Consultants take into account the following points:

  • Standards on or related to LED lighting (including general regulations & standards, environmental issues etc.)
  • Policies and schemes for promoting the penetration of LED lighting
  • Industry trends in LED lighting fixtures
  • End-product: Distribution Channel (DIY stores, other stores, Web-based, other)
  • LED Lighting industry competitive environment

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is a major Market Driver     The use of HB-LED Driver ICs, which is driven by promised savings in maintenance/ labor, as well as “Green-Tech” (ecology-oriented) issues.  For example: LED lamps are used in new construction, as well as retrofitting/replacement of existing (installed-based) lamps. The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is a key marketing dynamic relative to LED Lamps, which typically have a premium price point versus other lighting solutions. 

TCO, when incorporated in any financial benefit analysis, provides a cost basis for determining the economic value of an investment. Examples include: return on investment, internal rate of return, economic value added, return on information technology, and rapid economic justification. A TCO analysis includes total cost of acquisition and operating costs. A TCO analysis is used to gauge the viability of any capital investment. An enterprise may use it as a product/process comparison tool.  Some of the key elements incorporated in the cost of ownership for LED lamps include:

  • Depreciation Costs (LEDs last longer)
  • Energy Costs (LED s use less energy)
  • Repairs (Especially true as a comparison vs. Ballasts in fluorescent tubes)
  • Funding programs and other government-based financial incentives
  • Maintenance Costs (Lower labor costs/less lamp replacements)

Opportunity Costs are also in the TCO mix, since ElectroniCast takes into account that using LED (energy-efficient lighting and other carbon footprint/pollution issues) depicts the organization, which installs them, as a good corporate citizen; therefore, increased sales revenue may be a benefit, since customers may prefer to reward the “green-oriented” company by purchasing products fro the company.





According to ElectroniCast, of all of the applications covered in this study, General Lighting is forecast with the fastest growth.  The worldwide consumption value of HB-LED Driver ICs in solid-state lighting (SSL) General Lighting applications reached $183 million in 2011. During the 2011-2018 timeline, we forecast that the consumption value will grow at an average annual rate of 63.4 percent to nearly $5.7 billion in the year 2018. 

HB-LED Driver Integrated Circuits

Global Market Forecast & Analysis

Table of Contents



1.             Executive Summary                                                                                                                                            1-1         
1.1                HB-LED Driver ICs Global Market Overview                                                                                                   1-1
1.2          LED Chips Used in Lighting                                                                                                                             1-150
2.         LEDs – Technology Overview                                                                                          2-1
3.             HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast                                                                                           3-1
3.1          Overview                                                                                                                                                                3-1
3.2          HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast: Vehicles                                                                         3-19
3.3          HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast: SSL-General Lighting                                                  3-66
3.4          HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast: TV/Desktop/Monitor: Backlight                                   3-152
3.5          HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast: Portable/Notebook/Other: Light/Backlight                               3-170
3.6          HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast: Signage and Professional Displays                        3-182
3.7          HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast: Stationary Signals                                                        3-210
3.8          HB-LED Driver ICs Application Market Forecast: Test/Medical/Science/Specialty Applications          3-228
4.             Lighting Standards and Protocols                                                                                                                   4-1
5.             Profile of LED and Related Companies -- Selected Competitors (over 290 companies)                    5-1
6.             Market Research Methodology                                                                                                                         6-1
7.             Definitions - Acronyms, Abbreviations, and General Terms                                                                       7-1
8.             Market Forecast Data Base Explanation                                                                                                        8-1
8.1          Overview                                                                                                                                                                8-1
8.2          Tutorial                                                                                                                                                                  8-3

ADD        Excel Data Base Spreadsheets (Global Market Forecast, 2011-2018)
o         Detailed Data: ASP ($, each); Quantity (Million); Value ($, Million) for all Regions
ADD        Power Point Market Data Figures (Global Market Forecast, 2011-2018)                



 – List of Tables –



1.1.1       HB-LED Driver IC Global Consumption Market Forecast, By Region ($Million)                                     1-14
1.1.2       HB-LED Driver IC Global Consumption Market Forecast, By Application ($Million)                                              1-17
1.1.3       Typical Luminous Efficacies for Traditional and LED Sources                                                                  1-18
1.1.4       List of Members of NGLIA                                                                                                                                  1-28
1.1.5       Latin American Demographic Trends                                                                                                             1-53
1.1.6       List of ELCOMA Members                                                                                                                                                 1-136
2.1          LED Color Variety – Selected Examples                                                                                                        2-9
2.1          LED Color Chart                                                                                                                                                  2-11
1.2.1       Comparison of Lighting Technologies                                                                                                           1-36
3.1.1       HB-LED Driver IC Global Consumption Market Forecast, By Application ($Million)                                              3-17
3.1.2       HB-LED Driver IC Global Consumption Market Forecast, By Application (Quantity: Unit/Million)        3-18
3.1.3       HB-LED Driver IC Global Consumption Market Forecast, By Application (ASP: Price, each $)           3-18
3.3.1       Calculation of the Cost of Manufacturing Facility Downtime                                                                       3-110
3.3.2       Comparison of Lighting Technologies                                                                                                           3-111
3.3.3       PAR Lamp Designation and Nominal Diameter                                                                                          3-136
3.6.1       Consumer-Based Comparison – LED Displays vs. Incandescent Signs                                                              3-183
8.1.1       ElectroniCast Market Forecast Database Application Category Hierarchy List                                      8-2





– List of Figures –


1.1.1       Example: LED Driver Integrated Circuits                                                                                                        1-6
1.1.2       Example: LED Driver Integrated Circuits                                                                                                        1-9
1.1.3       Diagram: Application Circuit for Integrated Circuit Operation                                                                     1-13
1.1.4       Single-die LED: 1000 lm at 100 lm/W at 3A                                                                                                   1-20
1.1.5       Example of LED Packaged Chip (Component-Level) Bulb                                                                        1-21
1.1.6       Example of LED Packaged Chip (Component-Level) Bulb                                                                        1-21
1.1.7       Example of LED Packaged Chip (Component-Level Bulb) Surface Mount Variations                          1-22
1.1.8       Example of LED Packaged Chip: Flux (Component-Level Bulb)                                                                               1-23
1.1.9       Example of High Brightness LED Packaged Chip (Component-Bulb)                                                    1-24
1.1.10     Campus at Night with LED Lighting                                                                                                                                1-37
1.1.11     LED-Based Street Lights for Use in Central America                                                                                                  1-56
1.1.12     LED-Based Street Lamps in Brazil                                                                                                                  1-57
1.1.13     LED-Based Tunnel Lamps Used in Mexico                                                                                                  1-58
1.1.14     LED-Based Street Lighting in the United Kingdom                                                                                      1-87
1.1.15     LED Lighting Martin Place (Sydney Australia)                                                                                               1-129
1.1.16     Tunnel Lighting (China)                                                                                                                                     1-130
1.1.17     Solar/Wind LED Street Lighting (China)                                                                                                         1-131
1.1.18     Solar LED Street Lighting (Okinawa)                                                                                                              1-132
1.1.19     LED-Based Street Lamp Used With Solar Panel in India                                                                           1-147
1.1.20     LED-Based Street Lamps for the Market in India                                                                                         1-148
1.1.21     Architectural Monument Lighting in India using LEDs                                                                                 1-149
1.2.6       Diagram of a Typical LED Chip                                                                                                                        1-150
1.2.7       Diagram of a Typical LED Chip                                                                                                                        1-151
1.2.3       LED Chip Cross-Sectional Structure                                                                                                                              1-152
1.2.4       ESD Protection Diodes                                                                                                                                      1-153
1.2.5       Electrostatic Discharge Example                                                                                                                     1-154
2.1          LED Chromatic Chart                                                                                                                                         2-10
2.2          Evolution of Research Emphasis During Technology Life Cycle                                                                              2-12
2.3          LED Chip: Metal Layer (Thin Film Technology)                                                                                             2-13
2.4          Vertical LED Chip                                                                                                                                                2-14
2.5          AC LED Technology on a Wafer                                                                                                                       2-20
2.6          Ultra High Bright LED Chip                                                                                                                                               2-21
2.7          Ultra-Thin LED                                                                                                                                                     2-24
2.8          Solid-State Lighting LED                                                                                                                                   2-25
2.9          LED Module with High Light Quality                                                                                                                                2-26
2.10        Transparent and flexible inorganic, organic hybrid n-type: Thin Film Transistors (TFTs)                    2-30
2.11        Lumiramic Phosphor Technology: Thin Film Flip Chip (TFFC) technology                                             2-31
2.12        Wire-to-Board LED Connector                                                                                                                          2-34
2.13        Next-Generation Light Emitting Diode Module                                                                                              2-38
2.14        4-Leaded RGB LED                                                                                                                                            2-40
2.15        Vertically Conducting Advanced LED Structure                                                                                             2-44
2.16        AlGaInP LED Efficacy                                                                                                                                          2-46
3.1.1       World Map – Cooperation on Reducing GHG Emissions                                                                          3-2
3.1.2       Diagram: LED Driver with Dynamic Headroom Control                                                                                              3-8
3.1.3       Power Supply Control IC                                                                                                                                    3-10
3.1.4       Block Diagram: Power Supply Control IC                                                                                                       3-11
3.1.5       Flicker-Free Dimming Small-Outline / 8-pin LED Driver IC                                                                        3-12
3.1.6       LED Mesh Display                                                                                                                                              3-15
3.2.1       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in Vehicles, By Region ($Million)                                     3-19
3.2.2       LED Lighting in Automobiles                                                                                                                            3-20
3.2.3       HB-LED Driver IC Application Circuit Diagram                                                                                              3-21
3.2.4       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in Vehicle Interior Lighting, By Region ($Million)          3-22
3.2.5       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in Vehicle Exterior Lighting, By Region ($Million)         3-23
3.2.6       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in Vehicle Display Back-Lighting, By Region ($Million)               3-24
3.2.7       Automotive LED Headlights                                                                                                                              3-30
3.2.8       Automotive LED Headlights                                                                                                                              3-31
3.2.9       Automotive LED Headlights                                                                                                                              3-32


– List of Figures – Continued

3.2.10     Public Transit Bus: LED Stairwell Light                                                                                                          3-35
3.2.11.a Assorted LED Lighting Profile Devices                                                                                                           3-36
3.2.11.b Assorted LED Lighting Profile Devices                                                                                                           3-36
3.2.11.b Assorted LED Lighting Profile Devices                                                                                                           3-37
3.2.11.b Assorted LED Lighting Profile Devices                                                                                                           3-37
3.2.12     Federal Lighting Location Requirements for Buses                                                                                    3-38
3.2.13     Fully illuminated Rail Car LED Reading and Down Lights                                                                         3-42
3.2.14     Bus with LED-Based Destination Signage                                                                                                    3-45
3.2.15     FBCB2 Computer and Display                                                                                                                         3-51
3.2.16     Rotary Wing Aircraft Cockpit Display                                                                                                               3-54
3.2.17     NVIS-Friendly Exterior Aircraft Lighting                                                                                                            3-55
3.2.18     HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales                                                                                         3-57
3.2.19     LED-Base Wave-Off Light System for Aircraft Carriers                                                                                3-62
3.2.20     Helicopter Visual Approach System                                                                                                                                3-63
3.3.1       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in SSL-General Lighting, By Region ($Million)              3-67
3.3.2       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in SSL-Street Lighting, By Region ($Million)                  3-68
3.3.3       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in SSL-Other Exterior Lighting, By Region ($Million)    3-69
3.3.4       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in SSL-Interior Lighting, By Region ($Million)                                3-70
3.3.5       LED-Based Operating Theater Lighting                                                                                                         3-78
3.3.6       LED-Based Operating Theater Lighting                                                                                                         3-80
3.3.7       LED-Based Operating Theater Lighting                                                                                                         3-81
3.3.8       Airfield: Runway Edge LED Solar Lighting                                                                                                     3-85
3.3.9       Solar Powered Airfield Light                                                                                                                              3-86
3.3.10     LED-Based Lighting: Starbucks                                                                                                                       3-88
3.3.11     Giordano Retail Outlets                                                                                                                                     3-89
3.3.12     LED Technology for Stage Lighting                                                                                                                                 3-92
3.3.13     Entertainment & Architectural Lighting: Multiple Color LED in a Surface-Mount (SMT) Package        3-93
3.3.14     Color Mixer Reflector for LED Technology Lighting                                                                                      3-94
3.3.15     LED Technology for Under-Cabinet Lighting                                                                                                                 3-95
3.3.16     Production-Lighting: Small Rectangle LED Light Fixture                                                                            3-103
3.3.17     Production Lighting: 8.3-inch LED Circular Spot                                                                                          3-104
3.3.18     Production Lighting: 14x14-inch LED Light Panel                                                                                        3-105
3.3.19     Production Lighting: LED Circular Fresnel Spot Fixtures                                                                            3-106
3.3.20     48-inch Fluorescent Replacement Style LED Light Fixture                                                                        3-112
3.3.21     DIP T8 – Linear Tube Lamps With Plastic End-Caps                                                                                                 3-115
3.3.22     SMD T8 and T5 – LED Linear Tube Lamps With Plastic End-Caps                                                         3-116
3.3.23     DIP-Type LED Linear Tube Lamps with Plastic End-Caps                                                                        3-119
3.3.24     DIP-Type LED Linear Tube Lamps with Metal End-Caps                                                                           3-120
3.3.25     SMD-Type LED Linear Tube Lamps with Metal End-Caps                                                                         3-121
3.3.26     SMD-Type High-Output LED Linear Tube Lamps with Plastic End-Caps                                                               3-122
3.3.27     LED Lighting at Zürich’s Hardbrücke                                                                                                              3-131
3.3.28     LED Lamps Installed in Parking Lot                                                                                                                               3-132
3.3.29     LED Streetlights                                                                                                                                                  3-133
3.3.30     A19 Bulbs (Consumer-Level Bulb/LED LAMP)                                                                                             3-135
3.3.31     LED-Based PAR 30 Lamp                                                                                                                                                3-137
3.3.32     LED-Based PAR 30 Lamp                                                                                                                                                3-137
3.3.33     General Service LED-based Lamp (A-Style Bulb Category)                                                                       3-142
3.3.34     9W MR16 LED Replacement Lamp                                                                                                                                3-145
3.3.35     Complete Fixture and Replacement Bulb Streetlight (Lamp)                                                                    3-146
3.3.36     Samples of Lighting Fixture Types                                                                                                                  3-148
3.4.1       Microlens White LED Lightguides for LCD Display                                                                                      3-160
3.4.2       Diagram: Application Circuit for LED-TV Integrated Circuit Operation                                                      3-167
3.4.3       Global Forecast: HB-LED Driver ICs in TV, Desktop, and Monitor: Backlight, By Region ($Million)   3-169
3.5.1       Portable Device: LED-Backlit IPS Display                                                                                                      3-171
3.5.2       Projection LED in Surface Mount Technology (SMT)                                                                                    3-174
3.5.3       Tri-Mode Charge Pump Driver IC for White LED (WLED)                                                                           3-179


– List of Figures – Continued

3.5.4       RGB LED Driver IC/PCB Design for a Portable Projector                                                                           3-180
3.5.5       Global Forecast: HB-LED Driver ICs Portable/Small/Notebook/Other: Backlight, Region ($Million) 3-181
3.6.1       Sub SMT Full-Color Indoor LED Display                                                                                                        3-184
3.6.2       LED Display at the Olympics in Beijing                                                                                                          3-185
3.6.3       Indoor LED Sign [LED Sign Moving Message Display]                                                                               3-186
3.6.4       Outdoors High Brightness LED Display Board                                                                                             3-187
3.6.5       Transformable LED Display Screen                                                                                                                               3-188
3.6.6       Channel Lettering LED Back-Lit Signage                                                                                                      3-189
3.6.7       LED Back-Lit Signage                                                                                                                                        3-190
3.6.8       LED Displays for Airports                                                                                                                                  3-191
3.6.9       Outdoor Roadside Billboard LED Video Display                                                                                          3-193
3.6.10     USA Map/Location of their LED-based Digital Billboards                                                                           3-194
3.6.11     LED traffic Information Board: China                                                                                                               3-195
3.6.12     LED-Based Information Sign for Rapid Transit                                                                                            3-196
3.6.13     LED Flexible Displays: Curtain/Drapery Walls                                                                                              3-197
3.6.14     Illuminating Signs – LED Lighting Technology                                                                                             3-199
3.6.15     Neon Sign Technology and LED Channel Letters (Signage)                                                                    3-200
3.6.16     LED Tube Light for Backlighting Signs                                                                                                           3-201
3.6.17     LED Refrigerated Display Case                                                                                                                       3-204
3.6.18     Comparison Table: Highly-Reliable Dies versus Conventional                                                                                3-205
3.6.19     LED Numerical Displays                                                                                                                                   3-206
3.6.20     LED-Based Professional LCD Display                                                                                                          3-207
3.6.21     LED-Based Professional LCD Display                                                                                                          3-208
3.6.22     Global Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs Used in Signage and Professional Displays By Region       3-209
3.7.1       Market Forecast of HB-LED Driver ICs in Stationary Signals/Traffic Signals, By Region ($Million)    3-210
3.7.2       LED Traffic Lighting Retrofit                                                                                                                              3-216
3.7.3       Snow Scoop Tunnel Visor for LED-Based Traffic Light                                                                               3-217
3.7.4       Obstruction Bulbs (Lamps) - Flashing - 138 red or amber LEDs                                                             3-218
3.8.1       Forecast HB-LED Driver ICs in Test/Medical/Science/Specialty Applications By Region ($Million)   3-229
3.8.2       UV LED-based Portable Fluorescent Forgery Detectors                                                                            3-244
3.8.3       Automated Flying-Insect Detection System (AFIDS)                                                                                    3-247
3.8.4       Non-invasively tracks the direction of a person’s gaze in real time                                                          3-249
3.8.5       FLIPPER - light-emitting diode excites fluorescence in the sample flow cell                                         3-254
3.8.6       Nano-sized "carbon dots" glow brightly when exposed to light                                                                 3-256
3.8.7       Variable wavelength HPLC/CE detector                                                                                                         3-265
3.8.8       Light doses range in LED Phototherapy                                                                                                        3-276
3.8.9       Therapeutic Visible Light Spectrum                                                                                                                                3-277
3.8.10     Skin Treatment Therapies Utilizing LED Photo-modulation, Typical LED Array (Red)                          3-279
3.8.11     Blue LED Arrays                                                                                                                                                  3-283
3.8.12     Apparatus Containing Arrays of LEDs                                                                                                            3-289
3.8.13     LEDs – Different Colors for Fluorescence Microscopy Applications                                                        3-302
3.8.14     (Theodolite) Ring Light                                                                                                                                      3-304
4.1          PCB Assembly                                                                                                                                                     4-23
4.2          LED Backlit Display                                                                                                                                            4-26
4.3          Rugged Touch Screen with NVIS Capability                                                                                                  4-42
4.4          LED Down light with 102 Lumens per Watt Fixture                                                                                      4-56
4.5          LED Lighting Military Solutions                                                                                                                         4-59
4.6          LED Lighting in Railway Station                                                                                                                       4-61
4.7          LED Technology Safelight Design                                                                                                                   4-73
4.8          LED Lighting (water flow stream)                                                                                                                    4-77
4.9          NVIS/LED Control Panel                                                                                                                                    4-81
4.10        Integrated Weapons Delivery System                                                                                                             4-82
4.11        Cockpit Modular Display/Panel                                                                                                                        4-91
4.12        Cockpit Large Area Display                                                                                                                               4-92
4.13        Traffic Lamp LED                                                                                                                                                                4-99
4.14        High Power LED Lamp                                                                                                                                      4-99
4.15        Surface Mount Type LED                                                                                                                                   4-100

– List of Figures – Continued

4.16        Surface Mount Type LED                                                                                                                                   4-104
4.17        Exterior Aircraft LED Lighting                                                                                                                            4-108
4.18        LED/CCD Barcode Readers                                                                                                                             4-121
4.19        Surface-Mount Multi-layer Ceramic Packages                                                                                              4-126
4.20        LED Linear Optical Array                                                                                                                                    4-132
4.21        Solid-State NVIS Lamps                                                                                                                                    4-144
4.22        LED Escalator Light                                                                                                                                            4-148
4.23        Nanostructures Designed for Different Color Emission                                                                                             4-152
4.24        LED Array Lighting – Lamp                                                                                                                               4-158
4.25        Light-Measurement Device                                                                                                                                               4-167
4.26        SSL LED: Replacement for Halogen Lamp in Spotlights                                                                           4-174
4.27        LED-Based Digital Billboard (Signage/Display)                                                                                           4-189
4.28        Diagram of Backlight LED Drivers                                                                                                                   4-192
4.29        Diagram of Multifunction Backlight LED Drivers                                                                                           4-193
4.30        Diagram of White Backlight LED Drivers                                                                                                        4-194
4.31        Diagram White Backlight LED Drivers                                                                                                            4-195
4.32        Rotary Wing Aircraft Cockpit Display                                                                                                               4-197
4.33        Ultra-Thin LED                                                                                                                                                     4-209
4.34        Quality Management System in LED Manufacturing                                                                                    4-212
4.35        Military and Harsh-Environment LEDs                                                                                                            4-232
4.36        LED-Based Marine Biology Lighting Device                                                                                                  4-237
5.1          Market Research & Forecasting Methodology                                                                                               5-3




[1]  All values and prices in this report are at factory as-shipped levels, and are in current dollars, which include the effect of a forecasted 5 percent annual inflation rate over the forecast period.

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